为神马 1.0 - 0.7 != 0.3 ???

2011-01-22 07:54

为神马 1.0 - 0.7 != 0.3 ???

by

at 2011-01-21 23:54:18

original http://www.javaeye.com/topic/891256

直接上代码

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        System.out.println(1.0 - 0.1);
        System.out.println(1.0 - 0.2);
        System.out.println(1.0 - 0.3);
        System.out.println(1.0 - 0.4);
        System.out.println(1.0 - 0.5);
        System.out.println(1.0 - 0.6);
        System.out.println(1.0 - 0.7);
        System.out.println(1.0 - 0.8);
        System.out.println(1.0 - 0.9);
        System.out.println(1.0 - 1.0);
    }


最后输出的结果为神马是

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.30000000000000004
0.19999999999999996
0.09999999999999998
0.0


为什么呢?

简单的说,问题处在"IEEE 754 floating-point arithmetic",虽然在java是遵循这个规则的,但是java语言的实现,并不是使用小数点或者十进制来表示数字,相反,它是采用分数和指数来表示,而且是
引用
uses binary fractions and exponents to represent
使用二进制的,我们可以举个例子:

0.5 = 1/2
0.75 = 1/2 + 1/(22)
0.85 = 1/2 + 1/(22) + 1/(23)
0.1 = 1/(24) + 1/(25) + 1/(28) + ...


注意,0.1只能是无限循环下去的,这就意味着0.1在java里面不能够准确的用浮点数来表示,也就造成了浮点数运算上面的误差。

举个例子:

        if (0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 != 0.3)
            System.out.println("0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 is not equal with 0.3");
        else
            System.out.println("0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 is equal to 0.3");


每个人都知道,0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 == 0.3,但是在java的实际结果却不是这样。

更深入的话

有人会问,为什么
System.out.println(0.1f);

输出的还是0.1呢?
因为在源代码里面println调用的是Float#toString(float),最终的实现是在
    public static String toString(float f) {
        return new FloatingDecimal(f).toJavaFormatString();
    }

有兴趣的童鞋可以去阅读源代码,FloatingDecimal帮你做了很多事情。

这也牵涉出另外一个话题,如何避免上面出现的问题,

对的,就是BigDecimal,关于BigDecimal,我相信你们在api上面会找到更多的答案。

题外话


BigDecimal(java.lang.String)
不要用
BigDecimal(double) or BigDecimal(float)

为什么呢?API上面写的很清楚了
引用
The results of this constructor can be somewhat unpredictable. One might assume that writing new BigDecimal(0.1) in Java creates a BigDecimal which is exactly equal to 0.1 (an unscaled value of 1, with a scale of 1), but it is actually equal to 0.1000000000000000055511151231257827021181583404541015625. This is because 0.1 cannot be represented exactly as a double (or, for that matter, as a binary fraction of any finite length). Thus, the value that is being passed in to the constructor is not exactly equal to 0.1, appearances notwithstanding.

所以
        System.out.println(new BigDecimal(0.1f));
        System.out.println(new BigDecimal("0.1"));
        System.out.println(0.1f);

结果是不一样的

更加更加更加深入的话
        if (0.1f + 0.1f + 0.1f != 0.3f)
            System.out.println("0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 is not equal to 0.3");
        else
            System.out.println("0.1 + 0.1 + 0.1 is equal to 0.3");

    if (0.1 + 0.1 != 0.2)
        System.out.println("0.1 + 0.1 is not equal to 0.2");
    else
        System.out.println("0.1 + 0.1 is equal to 0.2");



为何上面两串代码输出不一样?为何0.3d就不能用3个0.1d相加,而0.2d就可以用2个0.1d相加呢

原因的话,自己看下面的输出了
        System.out.println(new BigDecimal(0.2d));
        System.out.println(new BigDecimal(0.1d).add(new BigDecimal(0.1d)));

    System.out.println(new BigDecimal(0.2f));
    System.out.println(new BigDecimal(0.1f).add(new BigDecimal(0.1f)));

    System.out.println(new BigDecimal(0.3d));
    System.out.println(new BigDecimal(0.1d).add(new BigDecimal(0.1d)).add(new BigDecimal(0.1d)));

    System.out.println(new BigDecimal(0.3f));
    System.out.println(new BigDecimal(0.1f).add(new BigDecimal(0.1f)).add(new BigDecimal(0.1f)));








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